Latar Belakang Politik dan Budaya Terbentuknya Gerakan Ikhwanul Muslimin di Mesir

Abstract

The Muslim Brotherhood, or Ikhwanul Muslimin, emerged in Egypt as an Islamic movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928. This study examines the political, social, economic, cultural, and educational factors that contributed to the emergence and early development of the movement in Egypt. The study employs the historical method, consisting of four stages: heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings indicate that the emergence of the Muslim Brotherhood was closely related to the political conditions created by British colonial influence, the crisis of governmental legitimacy, and the growing influence of Western political and cultural models. Although Egypt formally gained independence in 1922, British influence remained significant in political, economic, military, and strategic affairs. Social and economic inequalities, particularly those experienced by workers, farmers, and urban communities, further strengthened the appeal of the movement. In addition, Westernization, secularization, moral concerns, and the dualism between traditional Islamic and modern Western-oriented education contributed to the cultural background of its formation. Hasan al-Banna responded to these conditions by developing an organized movement that combined Islamic preaching, education, social activities, and political engagement. The study concludes that the Muslim Brotherhood emerged from the interaction of political resistance, social-economic grievances, cultural transformation, and Islamic reformist thought in early twentieth-century Egypt.